human pdac cell lines bxpc3  (ATCC)

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide target ALDOA to inhibit growth and enhance gemcitabine efficacy in PDAC

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115316

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide inhibit pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell viability and proliferation (A) Statistical plots of high-throughput drug screening results from the FDA Drug Library for PDAC cell lines. Scatterplots show relative viability of BxPC3 (left) and SW1990 (right) cells after 72 h treatment with 884 FDA-approved drugs (10 μM, n = 3). Red dot indicates lomitapide mesylate and green dot indicates lomitapide. (B) CCK-8 assay showing cell viability of PDAC cells after compound treatment. Bar graphs represent relative viability of cells treated with 10 μM lomitapide mesylate, 10 μM lomitapide, or DMSO (vehicle control) for 24 h, n = 3. (C) Chemical structure of lomitapide mesylate. (D) Chemical structure of lomitapide. (E) Concentration-dependent inhibition of cell viability by lomitapide mesylate or lomitapide following 24 h treatment. (F) Time-dependent inhibition of cell viability by lomitapide mesylate or lomitapide at a concentration of 8 μM. (G and H) Inhibitory effects of lomitapide mesylate or lomitapide on the colony-forming capacity of PDAC cells following 6 h treatment at 8 μM. (H) shows the quantification of colony numbers in (G). Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗, p < 0.05, ∗∗, p < 0.01, ∗∗∗, p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗, p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and SW1990, and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, were obtained from ATCC (USA).

Techniques: High Throughput Screening Assay, Drug discovery, CCK-8 Assay, Control, Concentration Assay, Inhibition, Two Tailed Test

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide target ALDOA to inhibit growth and enhance gemcitabine efficacy in PDAC

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115316

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide induce G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in PDAC cells (A) Optical microscopy images showing vacuole formation induced by 8 μM lomitapide mesylate, or 8 μM lomitapide, or an equivalent volume of DMSO (vehicle control) for 6 h in BxPC3 and SW1990 cells. Scale bars, 20 μm (applies to all images in this panel). (B) Transmission electron microscopy analysis of lomitapide mesylate- and lomitapide-induced changes in the internal morphology of BxPC3 and SW1990 cells. Cells were treated with the indicated treatments for 6 h prior to analysis. Scale bars, 2 μm (applies to all images in this panel). (C) Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle in PDAC cells treated with 8 μM lomitapide mesylate, 8 μM lomitapide or an equivalent volume of DMSO (vehicle control). BxPC3 cells (2 × 10 5 cells/well) were treated for 6 h, while SW1990 cells (4.5 × 10 5 cells/well) were treated for 12 h. Images on the left show representative flow cytometry plots, and the right panel presents the statistical results of the percentage of cells in each cell cycle phase across each cell line. (D and E) Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis in PDAC cells treated with the indicated treatments for 24 h. (E) shows the quantitative statistical results of total apoptotic rates. (F and G) Apoptotic analysis of BxPC3 cells treated with 8 μM lomitapide mesylate or 8 μM lomitapide at extended time points. (F) shows the quantitative statistical results of total apoptotic rates, while (G) presents representative annexin V-PE/7-AAD flow cytometry plots. The 0 h group corresponds to the drug-free blank control that is common and identical for lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide. Only one 0 h plot is shown for clarity, as the baseline was the same for both treatments. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t tests for two group’s comparisons and one-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons. Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗, p < 0.05, ∗∗, p < 0.01, ∗∗∗, p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: The human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and SW1990, and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, were obtained from ATCC (USA).

Techniques: Microscopy, Control, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Flow Cytometry

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide target ALDOA to inhibit growth and enhance gemcitabine efficacy in PDAC

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115316

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide inhibit PDAC independently of lipid metabolism, autophagy suppression, and P38 signaling (A) MTTP mRNA expression in human tissues, as retrieved from The Human Protein Atlas database. (B) MTTP mRNA expression in human cancer cell lines, as retrieved from The Human Protein Atlas database. (C) Basal MTTP expression in HepG2, BxPC3, and SW1990 cells. (D) Oil Red O staining of BxPC3 and SW1990 cells treated with 8 μM lomitapide mesylate, or 8 μM lomitapide, or an equivalent volume of DMSO (vehicle control) for 6 h. Scale bars, 200 μm (applies to all images in [D]). (E) LC3B-II and p62 protein expression in BxPC3 and SW1990 cells following the indicated treatments. (F) LC3 transformation assay in cells following treatment with 8 μM lomitapide mesylate, or 8 μM lomitapide, or an equivalent volume of DMSO (vehicle control), in combination with autophagy inhibitors. Cells were pre-treated with autophagy inhibitors (CQ, 20 μM; NH 4 Cl, 20 mM; or E64D [10 μg/mL] + pepstatin A [10 μg/mL]) for 1 h, followed by treatment with the aforementioned agents for 6 h. Protein extracts were then analyzed for LC3B expression. (G and H) Monitoring autophagic flux in PDAC cells using the mRFP-GFP-LC3 dual-labeling system. BxPC3 and SW1990 cell lines with lentivirus-mediated stable overexpression of stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 were constructed to track autophagic flux. Following the indicated treatments, the distribution of LC3-positive puncta was visualized via laser confocal microscopy. Yellow fluorescent spots (merged mRFP and GFP signals) represent autophagosomes, while red fluorescent spots (mRFP-only signals, due to GFP quenching in the acidic environment of autolysosomes) indicate autolysosomes. Statistical analysis of the percentages of yellow and red puncta was performed to quantify changes in autophagic flux (H), n = 3. Scale bars, 20 μm (applies to all images in [G]). (I and J) Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide were added 1 h after pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors or an activator, and cell viability was assessed 6 h thereafter. Autophagy inhibitors and activators used included WM, 5 μM; 3 MA, 5 mM; CQ, 20 μM; NH 4 Cl, 20 mM; E64D (10 μg/mL) + pepstatin A (10 μg/mL); or rapamycin, 10 μM ( n = 3). (K) BxPC3 and SW1990 cells were treated with the indicated treatments for 3 and 6 h, and the target proteins as well as their associated proteins were detected. (L) BxPC3 and SW1990 cells were pre-treated with SB202190 (10 μM) for 1 h, followed by the addition of the indicated treatments; cell viability was then assessed 6 h later ( n = 3). Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗, p < 0.05, n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: The human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and SW1990, and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, were obtained from ATCC (USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Control, Transformation Assay, Labeling, Over Expression, Construct, Confocal Microscopy, Two Tailed Test

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide target ALDOA to inhibit growth and enhance gemcitabine efficacy in PDAC

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115316

Figure Lengend Snippet: ALDOA, A potential target molecule of lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide (A) DARTS samples from lomitapide-treated SW1990 cells were subjected to Coomassie Blue staining and silver staining. The red box marks the gel areas of control and experimental samples that were analyzed by mass spectrometry. (B) COG function classification of identified proteins. The vertical axis represents the number of marked proteins, and the horizontal axis shows different COG functional categories. (C) GO functional enrichment analysis results. (D and E) Molecular docking (MOE 2019) analyzed binding interactions and sites between lomitapide and ALDOA. (E) Binding mode of lomitapide (purple sticks) with ALDOA (ribbon model), with key interacting residues (Lys-229, Lys-107, Lys-146, Tyr-363 and Arg-148) labeled. The protein structure of ALDOA was retrieved from the RCSB website, with PDB ID: 2ALD. (F) DARTS validation of ALDOA as a target of lomitapide in SW1990 cells: SW1990 cell lysates were treated with 100 μM lomitapide, and the stability of the ALDOA protein was assessed. Pronase digestion was performed for 10 and 20 min, respectively. The increased stability of ALDOA in lomitapide-treated lysates indicates its interaction with lomitapide. (G) DARTS assay demonstrated dose-dependent lomitapide-ALDOA binding. SW1990 lysates were incubated with lomitapide (various concentrations, 1 h) and then digested with pronase (10 min). (H) ALDOA expression in BxPC3/SW1990 cells following treatment with the indicated treatments. (I) ALDOA enzymatic activity in BxPC3/SW1990 cells following the indicated treatments. (J) Boxplot showing ALDOA expression levels in PDAC (analyzed via GEPIA). The red asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between groups. (K) Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival of PDAC patients (from TCGA dataset) stratified by ALDOA .TPM expression levels (high vs. low). (L) Overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients (from the KM Plotter database) stratified by ALDOA .TPM expression levels. (M and N) Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of ALDOA in 90 paired PDAC tumor tissues (left) and paratumor tissues (right) (M). ALDOA-positive signals (brownish-yellow staining) were markedly enriched in tumor tissues compared with paratumor tissues. (N) shows the quantitative statistical analysis of ALDOA IHC staining intensity. Scale bars, 200 μm (applies to all images in [M]). (O) ALDOA expression and survival in 90 paired PDAC patients. (P and Q) OCR in BxPC3/SW1990 cells following the indicated treatments for 6 h via Seahorse XF analyzer. (R and S) ECAR in BxPC3/SW1990 cells following the indicated treatments via Seahorse XF analyzer. (T) ATP levels in BxPC3/SW1990 cells following the indicated treatments for 3 h or 6 h. (U) Comparison of ALDOA protein levels between control and shRNA-mediated ALDOA -knockdown BxPC3/SW1990 cells. (V) Colony formation assay of BxPC3 and SW1990 cells with ALDOA knockdown. (W) Cell viability of BxPC3/SW1990 cells ( ALDOA -KD/Con) following the indicated treatments for 48 h. Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗, p < 0.05, ∗∗, p < 0.01, ∗∗∗, p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗, p < 0.0001, n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: The human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and SW1990, and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, were obtained from ATCC (USA).

Techniques: Staining, Silver Staining, Control, Mass Spectrometry, Functional Assay, Binding Assay, Labeling, Biomarker Discovery, Incubation, Expressing, Activity Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison, shRNA, Knockdown, Colony Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Lomitapide mesylate and lomitapide target ALDOA to inhibit growth and enhance gemcitabine efficacy in PDAC

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115316

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lomitapide mesylate or lomitapide combined with gemcitabine yields superior outcomes (A) CCK-8 assay showing the viability of ALDOA -knockdown PDAC cells treated with gemcitabine for 48 h. (B–E) Dose-response matrices illustrating the combination effects of lomitapide mesylate/gemcitabine and lomitapide/gemcitabine in BxPC3 and SW1990 cells. (B) Dose-response matrix of lomitapide mesylate + gemcitabine in BxPC3 cells. (C) Dose-response matrix of lomitapide mesylate + gemcitabine in SW1990 cells. (D) Dose-response matrix of lomitapide + gemcitabine in BxPC3 cells. (E) Dose-response matrix of lomitapide + gemcitabine in SW1990 cells. For (B–E): BxPC3 (3 × 10 3 ) and SW1990 (5 × 10 3 ) cells were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated overnight. The following day, cells were treated with 6 × 6 matrix combinations of gemcitabine plus lomitapide mesylate or lomitapide at the indicated concentrations in a total volume of 100 μL for 48 h. Cell viability was then assessed using the CCK-8 assay. ZIP synergy scores were calculated via Synergy Finder, where a score > 10 indicates synergism, between −10 and 10 indicates additivity, and < −10 indicates antagonism.

Article Snippet: The human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and SW1990, and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, were obtained from ATCC (USA).

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Knockdown, Incubation

Journal: Oncoimmunology

Article Title: Inhibition of FAK promotes pancreatic cancer immunotherapy by mediating CXCL10 secretion to enhance CD8 + T cell infiltration

doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2025.2539442

Figure Lengend Snippet: FAK is associated with the immunosuppressive microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. (A) The cell type annotation of 33,794 cells using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and uniform manifold approximation, categorizing them into a total of 8 types, including epithelial, myeloid, T cells, macrophage, fibroblast, B cell and mast cells, and plasma. (B) T-SNE plots showing average expression of gene markers for all cell clusters. (C) T-SNE plots showing the cell distribution originated from adjacent noncancerous pancreatic tissue (ANPT) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). (D) Bar plot showing the overall cell composition of normal and tumor samples, colored by cell types. (E) The expression of FAK in various cells. (F) T-SNE plots showing the various subpopulations of epithelial cells. (G) The expression levels of FAK various subpopulations of epithelial cells. (H) Cell-cell communication from FAK high cells and FAK low cells to T cells. (I) Representative images and quantitation of the expression of FAK and CD8 in PDAC. Scale bars, 50 µm.

Article Snippet: Human PDAC cell line BXPC3 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Pricella, PM150110) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco 10,100,147) under standard culture conditions (37°C, 5% CO 2 ).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Expressing, Quantitation Assay

Journal: Oncoimmunology

Article Title: Inhibition of FAK promotes pancreatic cancer immunotherapy by mediating CXCL10 secretion to enhance CD8 + T cell infiltration

doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2025.2539442

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of FAK can enhance the cytotoxic effect of PBMCs on pancreatic cancer PDOs. (A) Representative images and quantitation of the expression of FAK in pancreatic cancer PDOs. Scale bars, 50 µm. (B) Representative images of organoids treated with different concentrations of FAK inhibitors. Scale bars, 100 µm. (C) Dose-response curve of FAK inhibitors VS-6063 on human pancreatic cancer PANC1 cell viability. (D) Representative images of organoids treated with different concentrations of FAK inhibitors. Scale bars, 100 µm. (E) Western blotting analysis of FAK protein levels in control (NC) and FAK-knockdown (KD) BXPC3 cells. (F) FACS analysis PBMCs of CD69 + of anti-CD3/CD28-activated after co-culturing BXPC3-NC or BXPC3-FAK-KD ( n = 3). (G) FACS analysis CD8 of IFN-γ of anti-CD3/CD28-activated after co-culturing BXPC3-NC or BXPC3-FAK-KD ( n = 3). P-KD: BXPC3-FAK-KD; P-NC: BXPC3-NC. Error bars indicate standard error (SE). p-values were calculated by the Student’s t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Human PDAC cell line BXPC3 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Pricella, PM150110) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco 10,100,147) under standard culture conditions (37°C, 5% CO 2 ).

Techniques: Inhibition, Quantitation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Knockdown

Journal: Oncoimmunology

Article Title: Inhibition of FAK promotes pancreatic cancer immunotherapy by mediating CXCL10 secretion to enhance CD8 + T cell infiltration

doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2025.2539442

Figure Lengend Snippet: FAK can mediate the immune response in pancreatic cancer through the secretion of CXCL10. (A) Communication status in different cells of CXCL signaling pathway network. (B) RT-PCR detection of the expression of CXCL-related genes after knockdown of FAK in BXPC3 cells. The data are presented as the means ± SD. p-values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. **** p < 0.0001; ns, non-significant. (C) ELISA validation of CXCL10 expression after knockdown of FAK in BXPC3 cells (FAK-KD) ( n = 3). p-values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *** p < 0.001. (D) RT-PCR detection of the expression of CXCL10 after knockdown of CXCL10 (si-CXCL10) in BXPC3-FAK-KD cells. The data are presented as the means ± SD. p-values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *** p < 0.001. (E) BXPC3 cells co-culture schematic diagram with PBMC. (F) FACS analysis PBMCs of CD69 + of anti-CD3/CD28-activated after co-culturing BXPC3 cells ( n = 3). p-values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. (G) Schematic diagram of the construction of a subcutaneous tumor graft model (KPC tumor) in C57BL/6J mice and the drug administration strategy. (H) Tumor growth curves of mice and tumor weight in different treatment groups ( n = 5/group). p-values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. * p < 0.5. (I) Representative images and quantification results of CD8 + T cell in different treatment groups of mice ( n = 5/group), scale bars, 50 µm. p-values were calculated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Human PDAC cell line BXPC3 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Pricella, PM150110) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco 10,100,147) under standard culture conditions (37°C, 5% CO 2 ).

Techniques: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Knockdown, Comparison, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Co-Culture Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Identification of MicroRNA-21 as a Biomarker for Chemoresistance and Clinical Outcome Following Adjuvant Therapy in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010630

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients.

Article Snippet: The human PDAC cells lines BxPc3, HPAF-II, HPAC, PANC-1 and PL45 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA), and were cultured in RPMI-1640 media, supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin (50 IU/mL) and streptomycin (50 μg/mL) (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD).

Techniques: Adjuvant

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Identification of MicroRNA-21 as a Biomarker for Chemoresistance and Clinical Outcome Following Adjuvant Therapy in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010630

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) MiR-21 expression in 5 PDAC cell lines. Expression was determined by quantitative PCR, using the delta Ct method with RNU-43 as reference and the values are in a.u.. (B–C) Representative curves of growth inhibitory effects of 5-FU (B) and gemcitabine plus radiotherapy (C), 48-hour drug exposure. (D). Cells were seeded at 10 4 /well and the anti-proliferative effects were evaluated using the SRB assay, as described in the methods. The mean IC 50 values for 5-FU (48 h continuous exposure) were as follows: 36.3 µM (BxPC-3), 30.9 µM (HPAF-II), 138.4 µM (PANC-1) and 174.2 µM (PL45); while the IC50 values for gemcitabine (in cells pre-treated with 100 cGray) were 2.1 nM (BxPC-3), 3.4 nM (HPAF-II), 10.2 nM (PANC-1) and 11.4 nM (PL45). (D) MiR-21 expression in HPAF-II and PL45 cells transfected with negative controls or with anti-miR-21 oligos. Transfection efficiency was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy as shown in the pictures in the upper panel, original magnification, x40 (E) Modulation of 5-FU antiproliferative effects in PL45 cells transfected with anti-miR-21 in comparison with control transfected cells. Columns , mean values obtained from three independent experiments; bars , SE, dashed lines , concentrations corresponding to 50% inhibition of cell growth with respect to control, i.e. IC 50 values.

Article Snippet: The human PDAC cells lines BxPc3, HPAF-II, HPAC, PANC-1 and PL45 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA), and were cultured in RPMI-1640 media, supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin (50 IU/mL) and streptomycin (50 μg/mL) (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD).

Techniques: Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sulforhodamine B Assay, Transfection, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Comparison, Control, Inhibition